I know its an old thread but anyway.The Diode module is used to isolate and protect the two DC supplies ie The stator supply and the Battery supply.
The battery needs to be charged from the Stator.The Diode Module ensures the stator can only flow voltage into the Battery circuit but the battery cannot feed back into the Stator circuit (lights etc).
If you diode Module was missing your battery would not charge which is your Problem.
As for running the motor without the battery can destroy your electronics through over voltage.The battery is ,as well as being a load it acts like a regulator
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